Yinxu was the capital of the late Shang Dynasty. It was located in the northwestern suburb of Anyang City, Henan Province. In 1976, the archaeological site of the Academy of Social Sciences discovered the world-famous woman's tomb. This is the only preserved royal tomb of the Shang Dynasty. The woman is the spouse of Yin Wang Wu Ding, who died in Wu Ding’s life. The temple is called “Xinâ€. 1928 pieces of funerary objects were unearthed in the tombs, of which 755 were jade articles. This is the largest number of jade articles unearthed in the single tomb of Shang Dynasty, the most abundant and the most exquisite. "Yi Zhou Shu·Shi Xi Jie Jie" said that "the Shang Wang 纣 天 天 天 天 , , , , , , , , , 天 天 天 天 天 天 天 天 天 天 天 天 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商 商The scale of jade used in Shang Dynasty can be seen.
First, the type of jade
The jade articles unearthed from the women's tombs are quite complete, almost involving all aspects of social life at that time. According to the general method of jade classification in the academic world, we use the jade articles of various types of women's tombs according to their purposes, which are roughly divided into four categories: Xiaoshengyu, decorative jade, etiquette jade and tool jade.
1. Xiao Shengyu
Xiao Shengyu is the core content of the jade wares unearthed from the women's tomb. They may have perforations and can be worn; or they can be inserted into something; or purely art can be furnished. This kind of jade, according to the theme, has the image of some people, but the animal image is mostly, such as bears, tigers, deer, cows, horses, rabbits, birds, geese, ducks, cranes, donkeys, donkeys, etc. The two kinds of animals are combined into one, such as the tiger-headed bird, the sheep-headed bird, and the frog. The theme of reality is the main theme, and the mysterious color theme is supplemented. The two jointly construct the content to be expressed by Xiaosheng jade.
2, decorative jade
The jade as an ornament should be the original function of the jade. From the middle of the Neolithic era to modern times, this has always been one of its main functions. Unearthed in the decorative jade unearthed from the tomb of the woman, the jade round hoop and the unearthed hair accessories such as the jade and the animal face jade comb reflect the custom of the merchants. The jade string ornaments are a kind of decorative decorations. They are either A charm worn directly on the body, or a trim of a handle.
3, etiquette jade
Jade rituals are the most important jade species at the beginning of the civilized era. In the late Shang Dynasty, the bronze civilization was highly developed, and although the jade rituals were small, they still had an important position.
4, tool jade
There are chisels, carving knives, spinning wheels, spoons, enamels, palettes, etc. These practical, exquisitely crafted jade tools are a manifestation of the luxury of women's life, but also with strong characteristics of the times.
Second, the characteristics of jade unearthed from the woman's tomb
1, the source of the jade material of the woman's tomb jade
Regarding the source of ancient Chinese jade materials, most modern scholars believe that the mountains in the Hetian and Yarkant areas of Xinjiang are the center of ancient jade production in China. The jade jade of the woman's tomb is mainly soft jade, with more jade and less white jade, mainly from Hetian in Xinjiang, Dushan in Henan, and Xiuyan in Liaoning. In addition, there are a few siliceous slate and marble. Xinjiang Hetian jade accounted for the majority, which is the earliest evidence that Xinjiang jade was first imported into the Central Plains.
Yang Boda pointed out that "only from the woman's life to master a large number of exquisite Hetian Yu Xiaosheng judgment, at least the essence of Hetian jade plays a decisive role, as to whether there are still practical, spiritual, divine, brigade and other practical purposes and conceptual functions. It is also worth considering."
2, exquisite carving process
(1) due to the shape of the material
Xiao Shengyu is good at using the natural form of jade material, and it is suitable for the animal shape, which is vivid and interesting. At the same time, he is good at using the inner heart to sculpt into a spinning wheel and other tools, and the "foam forming" process is also used in many pairs. Horses, bears, parrots, etc. are cut from a piece of jade and then honed.
At the same time, it also uses the remnant and the corner material to transform it into a device or an inlay piece, so that the jade material can be used to the utmost extent. At the same time, the natural color of the jade material is used to ingeniously design and create a "fair color" work, so that the natural beauty and the jade material are beautiful. One.
(2) The carvings are more than the same
The pattern of the jade carvings of the women's tombs is smooth and stylized. All the techniques of "double yin and yang" are used. The two yin lines are used to outline a positive line. The corners of the lines are rigid and rigid, and they are decorated on various jade articles. The questions are highly consistent, with only a few having small differences locally.
From this analysis, before the styling and carving, the ruling class mastered by jade and carving techniques designed the styling ornament according to their ideas, and then carved, the consistency of the same class thought made the jade ornament appear so much consistency. .
(3) Drilling, hollowing, cutting and polishing
On most jade, there are one to three holes of different sizes. There were two types of boring and tube drilling. The hollowing out is nothing more than two forms, namely "closed" and "semi-closed". Closed hollowing may be to drill one or several holes in the corresponding part, and then use a tool such as "锼弓" to outward Pull out the shape you need. The semi-closed type is to drill first, and then pull out the desired pattern from the outside of the jade inward toward the hole.
Polishing is the last process of the jade process. During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, it may be done by repeatedly polishing the fine sand of the animal skin and the linen fabric. The woman's tomb is realistic on the animal-shaped jade, and most of them have perforations for the purpose of hanging and wearing the ropes; and a small part with enamel for easy insertion. A considerable part of the animal-shaped jade has a round hole in the eye. Others have perforations in the head, jaw, neck, ears, limbs, buttocks, etc., and so on. Some round sculptures have through holes that pass through the upper and lower parts of the body, such as the head, neck, and jaw.
(4) Reform and utilization
Among the jade articles unearthed from the Tomb of Women's Tomb, many are works that were passed down early, such as the jade fangs of the Longshan culture in the eastern coastal areas; the jade and hook-shaped jade ornaments of the Hongshan culture in the northeast; the stone homes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The jade eagle of the river culture, etc., although they were made in the prehistoric period, the use time has continued to the Shang Dynasty. For ease of use, some are further processed, such as the addition of perforations.
The modified jade is also a typical feature of the woman's tomb jade. It is used as a modified old jade. Some are jade articles before the Shang Dynasty, while others are jade articles that are reluctant to be discarded after the bad use of the DPRK. Such jade articles often have old jade. Partial or incomplete embossing of the styling often leads to unreasonable perforation of the modified jade. The jade articles and jade inlays processed by the scraps reflect the cherished and fully utilized jade materials at that time, as well as the superb design concept.
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