In 1046 BC, Wu Wang cut down and established the third dynasty of the Chinese slave society, known as the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Western Zhou Dynasty ruled for nearly 300 years, and created a great situation of "under the ordinary world, it is not the kingdom of the earth; the coast of the soil, it is the king of the king." The jade articles of this period also conformed to the situation, and were more hierarchical and ritual. "Zhou Li Chun Guan Zong Bo" contains: Yu Yu Liu Rui, to wait for the state: Wang Zhizhen Gui, Gong Zhigui, Hou Zhixin Gui, Bo Zhiyu Gui, Zi Zhigu, male prisoner; Jade is a six-piece, to the heavens and the earth: to the sky, to the heavens, to the yellow rites, to the east of the Qing dynasty, to the south of the red ancestral rites, to the west of the white cherries, to the north of the Xuan 璜. It can be seen that the Western Zhou jade has been transformed from a sacrificial type to a ceremonial type.
Heavy use of Hetian jade
"Mu Tianzi Biography" records that Zhou Muwang cruised Kunlun, once attacked its jade, took the jade version of the three times, and returned to Yuwan. This record proves that the jade road of the Western Zhou Dynasty is unimpeded, and the source of Hetian jade is relatively stable. From the perspective of archaeological excavations, the Western Zhou jade materials cover almost all varieties of Hetian jade, including white jade, sapphire, white jade, topaz, jade, jasper and so on. In the proportion of using Hetian jade, it has far exceeded the Shang Dynasty and reached a small climax.
The most representative of the Western Zhou jade in the process is the technique of double hook and slanting knives (Fig. 1). The double-hook-yin line is firstly engraved with the Yin line along the two sides of the pattern. The two lines are naturally formed with a positive pattern; the oblique knife is also called the slope knife, and the Yin line is first hooked off, and then the side of the Yin wall is ground and sloped. These two techniques are often used in combination, making the jade yin and yang combined, patchwork and unique.
Compared with the Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou jade ornamentation pays more attention to complexity and patterning. There are more than 20 kinds of patterns on jade, which are more common in bird, dragon, human, animal, deer, rabbit, elephant, fish, and crepe. "Glyph."
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The biggest change in the Western Zhou Dynasty jade is in the jade variety. The tool-type jade from the Neolithic period to the Shang Dynasty has gradually disappeared at this time; the jade knives, jade, jade, jade, and jade in the ritual are not only in small quantities, but also the shape is also miniaturized; There are many animal jade articles, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, rabbits, birds, tigers, deer, turtles, cockroaches, silkworms, fish, crickets, etc., mostly flat-shaped carvings, less round carvings. The innovative jade articles of the Western Zhou Dynasty are more prominent, and the number is large, the shape is unique, and the ornamentation is beautiful. There are Yugui, Shuyu Yupei, jade cover (Fig. 2), jade group wear, human dragon fit body jade, human dragon fit jade (Figure 3 )Wait. One of the most noteworthy is Yuji Pei (Fig. 4), which is composed of several pieces of jade, jade and many different colored tubes and beads. It is also mixed with jade dragon and jade. Fish, jade silkworm and other animal-like jade ornaments, hanging from the chest to the legs and feet, walked to the road to have a feeling of wearing a ring. In addition to the beautiful visual and auditory effects, the jade group also plays the role of the pace of temperance, which makes Peiyu also to achieve the rules and rules in the framework of the ritual system.
Western Zhou Yu, which is difficult to distinguish between true and false
With its long history, unique ritual and music culture connotation and exquisite styling, the Western Zhou jade is widely favored and sought after by collectors. Due to the age, the existence of the Western Zhou Dynasty jadeware is small, and the imitation of the market is rampant. In particular, some imitations of old materials and new workers, because the counterfeiters have been able to skillfully use the technique of double hook and slanting lines and oblique knives, it is hard to prevent, true and false.
Identification should pay attention to the details of materials, work, type, grain, and enamel. In the jade material, we should look at the collection of the museum, understand the characteristics and scope of the materials used in the Western Zhou Dynasty jade, master the characteristics of the old jade due to the age, and also understand the jade materials commonly used in modern imitations, such as a jade look. It is Qinghai material or Russian material, then it will certainly not be the Western Zhou Dynasty, because the history of the use of these materials is nearly two or three decades; it is best to look at the collection of the museum in the process, if there is no condition, at least understand the modern jade The processing technology, such as the indentation line has more collapse, the white powder is drilled, and the regular spiral pattern is basically a modern imitation; the shape and the ornamentation should be seen more on the exact object or picture based on the unearthed, and understand the Western Zhou jade The characteristics and style of the times, choose some authoritative and reliable books, such as the Complete Works of Jade Unearthed in China published by the China Science Press; the husk of the jade is the most important concern, because the replica of the old material is Adding the process will destroy the original husk patina, which will often be re-polished. Learning to distinguish the old jade's husk and the imitation of the husk is a must for beginners.
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